Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is a degenerative joint disease. It occurs mainly in older adults and significantly affects daily functioning, especially walking.
For many elderly individuals, walking—a basic and natural activity—gradually becomes difficult, painful, and less stable.
What is osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is characterized by the gradual wear and tear of cartilage, the tissue that covers the joints and allows smooth movement of the bones.
Over time:
- Cartilage becomes thinner and deteriorates
- Bones come closer together
- Inflammation and pain develop
- Stiffness and limited movement appear
The joints most commonly affected are:
- Knees
- Hips
- Spine
How does it affect walking in older adults?
Osteoarthritis directly affects the way a person walks. These changes are not only mechanical but also neurological, as the body tries to adapt to pain and instability.
1. Pain during walking
Pain is the main symptom.
It appears:
- During weight-bearing
- After walking or standing
- Often worsens toward the end of the day
This leads to reduced movement and lower activity levels.
2. Changes in gait
Patients often:
- Limp (compensatory gait)
- Take shorter steps
- Walk more slowly
- Avoid putting weight on the affected limb
These changes can affect balance and increase the risk of falls.
3. Muscle weakness
Reduced use of the joint leads to:
- Muscle weakness (especially in the quadriceps)
- Reduced stability during walking
- Increased fatigue
4. Stiffness and limited mobility
Especially after rest or in the morning:
- Joints feel “stiff”
- Time is needed to “loosen up”
- Walking is difficult during the first steps
5. Increased risk of falls
The combined effect of pain, instability, and muscle weakness leads to:
- Reduced balance
- Slower reaction time
- Increased risk of falls and fractures
What is the role of the neurologist?
Although osteoarthritis is mainly an orthopaedic condition, the role of the neurologist is important when:
- There is instability or gait disturbance
- Neurological conditions coexist (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, polyneuropathy)
- There is an increased risk of falls
- Dizziness or balance disorders are present
A neurologist can assess gait, the nervous system, and the overall risk of complications.
How can walking be improved?
Proper management can significantly improve mobility and quality of life.
Conservative measures:
- Physical therapy and muscle strengthening
- Weight loss (if needed)
- Use of assistive devices (cane, walker)
- Training in proper walking technique
Medication:
- Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs
- Joint supplements (in selected cases)
Interventional methods:
- Intra-articular injections
- In advanced stages: surgical treatment (e.g., joint replacement)
When should you seek medical help?
Consult a specialist when:
- Pain persists or worsens
- Walking becomes unstable
- Falls occur or there is fear of falling
- Daily functioning declines
Osteoarthritis in older age does not only affect the joints but also the way the body moves and functions overall. Walking becomes slower, more cautious, and often painful.
With early diagnosis and proper, multi-faceted management, it is possible to maintain independence and quality of life in older adults.