Dementia is a progressive condition that affects memory, thinking, orientation, and daily functioning. While Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause, other forms include vascular and frontotemporal dementia. Along with cognitive decline, patients often experience mood changes, behavioral symptoms, and gradual loss of independence.

Although no cure currently exists, treatment can improve quality of life. Alongside medication, non-pharmacological therapies play a crucial role in maintaining functionality, reducing behavioral symptoms, and supporting emotional well-being.

What Are Non-Pharmacological Therapies in Dementia?

These are structured interventions, tailored to the cognitive level and needs of each patient, delivered by trained professionals. Their main goals are:

• Strengthening cognitive functions (memory, language, attention).
• Preserving daily independence for as long as possible.
• Reducing behavioral and psychiatric symptoms such as aggression, anxiety, or apathy.
• Improving emotional health and social interaction.

Unlike medication, these therapies are safe, adaptable, and actively involve the patient in their own care.

Types of Non-Pharmacological Interventions

Cognitive Stimulation & Rehabilitation

Programs include memory and attention exercises, orientation in time and space, problem-solving tasks, and the use of external aids (notebooks, calendars). Digital tools bring interactive games and activities to patients in an accessible format.

Reminiscence Therapy & Creative Arts

By using photographs, music, and personal stories, patients reconnect with past experiences and strengthen identity. Art therapies such as painting, music therapy, choir singing, and dance improve mood, reduce anxiety, and enhance communication.

Occupational Therapy

Activities such as cooking, gardening, crafts, and board games help maintain autonomy, encourage self-care, and preserve motor and organizational skills. Caregivers are also trained to continue these activities at home. 

Speech Therapy

Supports language and communication through tailored exercises. Non-verbal techniques (gestures, facial expressions) help maintain daily interaction when speech becomes difficult.

Physical Exercise

Walking, balance training, cycling, or gentle gym programs improve physical condition, reduce depressive symptoms, and help maintain independence.

Leisure & Social Activities

Crosswords, Sudoku, chess, and social outings encourage cognitive activity and socialization, both essential for emotional well-being

Managing Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms

Up to 86% of people with dementia develop behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as aggression, irritability, wandering, depression, hallucinations, and sleep disturbances. These can burden both patients and caregivers.

Non-pharmacological strategies include:

• Creating a calm, safe environment.
• Redirecting attention to pleasant activities.
• Establishing daily routines.
• Encouraging hobbies and meaningful social contact.
• Using relaxation methods like massage and aromatherapy.

These approaches often reduce symptoms without the side effects of psychiatric medications.

Benefits for Patients and Families

• No side effects compared to drugs.
• Personalized and flexible, adapted to the individual’s needs.
• Patients remain active participants rather than passive recipients of care.
• Improved mood, communication, and quality of life.
• Reduced caregiver stress and burden.

Non-pharmacological therapies are a cornerstone of modern dementia care. They complement medical treatment, slow cognitive decline, and improve the daily lives of both patients and caregivers.